MSDevice_Battery.cpp

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/****************************************************************************/
// The Battery parameters for the vehicle
/****************************************************************************/
// SUMO, Simulation of Urban MObility; see http://sumo.dlr.de/
// Copyright (C) 2013-2015 DLR (http://www.dlr.de/) and contributors
/****************************************************************************/
//
//   This file is part of SUMO.
//   SUMO is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
//   it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
//   the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
//   (at your option) any later version.
//
/****************************************************************************/

// ===========================================================================
// included modules
// ===========================================================================
#ifdef _MSC_VER
#include <windows_config.h>
#else
#include <config.h>
#endif

#include <utils/common/TplConvert.h>
#include <utils/options/OptionsCont.h>
#include <utils/iodevices/OutputDevice.h>
#include <utils/common/SUMOTime.h>
#include <utils/geom/GeomHelper.h>
#include <microsim/MSNet.h>
#include <microsim/MSLane.h>
#include <microsim/MSEdge.h>
#include <microsim/MSVehicle.h>
#include "MSDevice_Tripinfo.h"
#include "MSDevice_Battery.h"

#define PI 3.141592654

#ifdef CHECK_MEMORY_LEAKS
#include <foreign/nvwa/debug_new.h>
#endif // CHECK_MEMORY_LEAKS


// ===========================================================================
// method definitions
// ===========================================================================
// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
// static initialisation methods
// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
void
MSDevice_Battery::insertOptions(OptionsCont& oc) {
    insertDefaultAssignmentOptions("battery", "Battery", oc);
}


void
MSDevice_Battery::buildVehicleDevices(SUMOVehicle& v, std::vector<MSDevice*>& into) {
    if (!equippedByDefaultAssignmentOptions(OptionsCont::getOptions(), "battery", v)) {
        return;
    }

    // Declare default parameters
    SUMOReal new_ActBatKap = 0;
    SUMOReal new_MaxBatKap = 0;
    SUMOReal new_PowerMax = 100;
    SUMOReal new_Mass = 1000;
    SUMOReal new_FrontSurfaceArea = 2;
    SUMOReal new_AirDragCoefficient = 0.4;
    SUMOReal new_InternalMomentOfInertia = 10;
    SUMOReal new_RadialDragCoefficient = 1;
    SUMOReal new_RollDragCoefficient = 0.5;
    SUMOReal new_ConstantPowerIntake = 10;
    SUMOReal new_PropulsionEfficiency = 0.5;
    SUMOReal new_RecuperationEfficiency = 0;
    SUMOReal new_LastAngle = 0;
    SUMOReal new_LastEnergy = 0;

    // MaxBatKap
    new_MaxBatKap = TplConvert::_2SUMOReal(v.getVehicleType().getParameter().getParameter("maximumBatteryCapacity", "0").c_str());

    // ActBatKap
    if (v.getParameter().getParameter("actualBatteryCapacity", "-") == "-") {
        new_ActBatKap = new_MaxBatKap / 2.0;
    } else {
        new_ActBatKap = TplConvert::_2SUMOReal(v.getParameter().getParameter("actualBatteryCapacity", "0").c_str());
    }

    // Power
    new_PowerMax = TplConvert::_2SUMOReal(v.getVehicleType().getParameter().getParameter("maximumPower", "100").c_str());

    // Mass
    new_Mass = TplConvert::_2SUMOReal(v.getVehicleType().getParameter().getParameter("vehicleMass", "1000").c_str());

    // FrontSurfaceArea
    new_FrontSurfaceArea = TplConvert::_2SUMOReal(v.getVehicleType().getParameter().getParameter("frontSurfaceArea", "2").c_str());

    // AirDragCoefficient
    new_AirDragCoefficient = TplConvert::_2SUMOReal(v.getVehicleType().getParameter().getParameter("airDragCoefficient", "0.4").c_str());

    // InternalMomentOfInertia
    new_InternalMomentOfInertia = TplConvert::_2SUMOReal(v.getVehicleType().getParameter().getParameter("internalMomentOfInertia", "10").c_str());

    // Radial Drag Coefficient
    new_RadialDragCoefficient = TplConvert::_2SUMOReal(v.getVehicleType().getParameter().getParameter("radialDragCoefficient", "1").c_str());

    // RollDragCoefficient
    new_RollDragCoefficient = TplConvert::_2SUMOReal(v.getVehicleType().getParameter().getParameter("rollDragCoefficient", "0.5").c_str());

    // ConstantPowerIntake
    new_ConstantPowerIntake = TplConvert::_2SUMOReal(v.getVehicleType().getParameter().getParameter("constantPowerIntake", "10").c_str());

    // PropulsionEfficiency
    new_PropulsionEfficiency = TplConvert::_2SUMOReal(v.getVehicleType().getParameter().getParameter("propulsionEfficiency", "0.5").c_str());

    // RecuperationEfficiency
    new_RecuperationEfficiency = TplConvert::_2SUMOReal(v.getVehicleType().getParameter().getParameter("recuperationEfficiency", "0").c_str());

    // constructor
    MSDevice_Battery* device = new MSDevice_Battery(v, "battery_" + v.getID(),
            new_ActBatKap, new_MaxBatKap, new_PowerMax, new_Mass, new_FrontSurfaceArea, new_AirDragCoefficient,
            new_InternalMomentOfInertia, new_RadialDragCoefficient, new_RollDragCoefficient,
            new_ConstantPowerIntake, new_PropulsionEfficiency, new_RecuperationEfficiency,
            new_LastAngle, new_LastEnergy);

    into.push_back(device);
}


bool MSDevice_Battery::notifyMove(SUMOVehicle& veh, SUMOReal /* oldPos */, SUMOReal /* newPos */, SUMOReal /* newSpeed */) {
    // Start vehicleStoppedTimer if the vehicle is stopped (that's mean, speed is < 0.2). In other case reset timer
    if (veh.getSpeed() < 0.2) {
        // Increase vehicle stopped timer
        increaseVehicleStoppedTimer();
    } else {
        // Reset vehicle Stopped
        resetVehicleStoppedTimer();
    }

    // Update Energy from the battery
    if (getMaximumBatteryCapacity() != 0) {
        Consum = getPropEnergy(veh);

        // Energy lost/gained from vehicle movement (via vehicle energy model) [kWh]
        setActualBatteryCapacity(getActualBatteryCapacity() - Consum);

        // saturate between 0 and MaxBatKap [kWh]
        if (getActualBatteryCapacity() < 0) {
            setActualBatteryCapacity(0);

            if (getMaximumBatteryCapacity() > 0) {
                WRITE_WARNING("Battery of vehicle '" + veh.getID() + "' is depleted.");
            }

        } else if (getActualBatteryCapacity() > getMaximumBatteryCapacity()) {
            setActualBatteryCapacity(getMaximumBatteryCapacity());
        }

        setLastAngle(veh.getAngle());
    }

    // Check if vehicle has under their position one charge Station
    std::string ChargingStationID = MSNet::getInstance()->getChargingStationID(veh.getLane(), veh.getPositionOnLane());

    // If vehicle is over a charging station
    if (ChargingStationID != "") {
        // Declare a pointer to the charging station
        MSChargingStation* ChargingStationPointer = MSNet::getInstance()->getChargingStation(ChargingStationID);

        // if the vehicle is almost stopped, or charge in transit is enabled, then charge vehicle
        if ((veh.getSpeed() < 0.2) || (ChargingStationPointer->getChargeInTransit() == 1)) {
            // Set Flags Stopped/intransit to
            if (veh.getSpeed() < 0.2) {
                // vehicle ist almost stopped, then is charging stopped
                ItsChargingStopped = true;

                // therefore isn't charging in transit
                ItsChargingInTransit = false;
            } else {
                // vehicle is moving, and the Charging station allow charge in transit
                ItsChargingStopped = false;

                // Therefore charge in transit
                ItsChargingInTransit = true;
            }

            // Set actChargingStation parameter
            actChargingStation = ChargingStationID;

            // Only update charging start time if vehicle allow charge in transit, or in other case
            // if the vehicle not allow charge in transit but it's stopped.
            if (ChargingStationPointer->getChargeInTransit() == 1 || veh.getSpeed() < 0.2) {
                // Update Charging start time
                increaseChargingStartTime();
            }

            // time it takes the vehicle at the station < charging station time delay?
            if (getChargingStartTime() > ChargingStationPointer->getChargeDelay()) {
                // Calulate energy charged (Fix);
                energyCharged = ChargingStationPointer->getChrgPower() * ChargingStationPointer->getEfficency();

                // Convert from [kWs] to [kWh] (3600s / 1h):
                energyCharged /= 3600;

                // Update Battery charge
                if ((energyCharged + getActualBatteryCapacity()) > getMaximumBatteryCapacity()) {
                    setActualBatteryCapacity(getMaximumBatteryCapacity());
                } else {
                    setActualBatteryCapacity(getActualBatteryCapacity() + energyCharged);
                }
            }
        }
    }
    // In other case, vehicle will be not charged
    else {
        // Disable flags
        ItsChargingInTransit = false;
        ItsChargingStopped = false;

        // Disable charging station
        actChargingStation = "NULL";

        // Set energy charged to 0
        energyCharged = 0.00;

        // Reset timer
        resetChargingStartTime();
    }

    // Always return true.
    return true;
}


bool MSDevice_Battery::notifyEnter(SUMOVehicle& veh, MSMoveReminder::Notification reason) {
    // Set last Energy ONLY when the vehicle is introduced in the simulation
    if (reason == MSMoveReminder::NOTIFICATION_DEPARTED) {
        setLastEnergy(getMass() * veh.getSpeed() * veh.getSpeed() / 2 + getMass() * 9.81 * veh.getLane()->getShape().front().z() + getInternalMomentOfInertia() * 0.5 * veh.getSpeed() * veh.getSpeed());
        setLastAngle(veh.getLane()->getShape().beginEndAngle());
    }

    // This function return always true
    return true;
}


void MSDevice_Battery::generateOutput() const {
    //Function implemented in MSBatteryExport
}


// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
// MSDevice_Battery-methods
// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
MSDevice_Battery::MSDevice_Battery(SUMOVehicle& holder, const std::string& id, const SUMOReal new_ActBatKap, const SUMOReal new_MaxBatKap, const SUMOReal new_PowerMax, const SUMOReal new_Mass, const SUMOReal new_FrontSurfaceArea, const SUMOReal new_AirDragCoefficient, const SUMOReal new_InternalMomentOfInertia, const SUMOReal new_RadialDragCoefficient, const SUMOReal new_RollDragCoefficient, const SUMOReal new_ConstantPowerIntake, const SUMOReal new_PropulsionEfficiency, const SUMOReal new_RecuperationEfficiency, const SUMOReal new_LastAngle, const SUMOReal new_LastEnergy)
    :
    MSDevice(holder, id),
    ActBatKap(new_ActBatKap),                                   // [actualBatteryCapacity <= maximumBatteryCapacity]
    MaxBatKap(new_MaxBatKap),                                   // [maximumBatteryCapacity >= 0]
    PowerMax(new_PowerMax),                                     // [maximumPower >= 0]
    Mass(new_Mass),                                             // [vehicleMass >= 0]
    FrontSurfaceArea(new_FrontSurfaceArea),                     // [frontSurfaceArea >= 0]
    AirDragCoefficient(new_AirDragCoefficient),                 // [airDragCoefficient >=0]
    InternalMomentOfInertia(new_InternalMomentOfInertia),       // [internalMomentOfInertia >= 0]
    RadialDragCoefficient(new_RadialDragCoefficient),           // [radialDragCoefficient >=0]
    RollDragCoefficient(new_RollDragCoefficient),               // [rollDragCoefficient >= 0]
    ConstantPowerIntake(new_ConstantPowerIntake),               // [constantPowerIntake >= 0]
    PropulsionEfficiency(new_PropulsionEfficiency),             // [1 >= propulsionEfficiency >= 0]
    RecuperationEfficiency(new_RecuperationEfficiency),         // [1 >= recuperationEfficiency >= 0]
    LastAngle(new_LastAngle),                                   // Limit not needed
    LastEnergy(new_LastEnergy) {                                // Limit not needed
    // Initially the Vehicle is not charging and is not in a Chargin Station
    ItsChargingStopped = false;
    ItsChargingInTransit = false;

    // Initially the energy charged is null
    energyCharged = 0;

    // Initially the Vehicle stopped and the consum is zero.
    Consum = 0;

    // Initially the vehicle is stopped and the corresponding variable is 0
    vehicleStopped = 0;

    // Initially the Vehicle are not over a Charging Station
    actChargingStation = "NULL";

    if (ActBatKap > MaxBatKap) {
        WRITE_WARNING("Battery builder: Vehicle '" + getID() + "' has a actual battery capacity ("  + SUMOReal_str(ActBatKap) + ") greater than it's max battery capacity(" + SUMOReal_str(MaxBatKap) + ").");
        ActBatKap = MaxBatKap; //TAMAS!!!
    }

    if (MaxBatKap < 0) {
        WRITE_WARNING("Battery builder: Vehicle '" + getID() + "' has not a valid maximum battery capacity (" + SUMOReal_str(MaxBatKap) + ").");
    }

    if (PowerMax < 0) {
        WRITE_WARNING("Battery builder: Vehicle '" + getID() + "' has not a valid maximum power (" + SUMOReal_str(PowerMax) + ").");
    }

    if (Mass < 0) {
        WRITE_WARNING("Battery builder: Vehicle '" + getID() + "' has not a valid mass (" + SUMOReal_str(Mass) + ").");
    }

    if (FrontSurfaceArea < 0) {
        WRITE_WARNING("Battery builder: Vehicle '" + getID() + "' has not a valid front surface Area (" + SUMOReal_str(FrontSurfaceArea) + ").");
    }

    if (AirDragCoefficient < 0) {
        WRITE_WARNING("Battery builder: Vehicle '" + getID() + "' has not a valid drag coefficient (" + SUMOReal_str(AirDragCoefficient) + ").");
    }

    if (InternalMomentOfInertia < 0) {
        WRITE_WARNING("Battery builder: Vehicle '" + getID() + "' has not a valid internal moment of inertia (" + SUMOReal_str(InternalMomentOfInertia) + ").");
    }

    if (RadialDragCoefficient < 0) {
        WRITE_WARNING("Battery builder: Vehicle '" + getID() + "' has not a valid radial friction coefficient (" + SUMOReal_str(RadialDragCoefficient) + ").");
    }

    if (RollDragCoefficient < 0) {
        WRITE_WARNING("Battery builder: Vehicle '" + getID() + "' has not a valid roll friction coefficient (" + SUMOReal_str(RollDragCoefficient) + ").");
    }

    if (ConstantPowerIntake < 0) {
        WRITE_WARNING("Battery builder: Vehicle '" + getID() + "' has not a valid constant power intake (" + SUMOReal_str(ConstantPowerIntake) + ").");
    }

    if (PropulsionEfficiency < 0 || PropulsionEfficiency > 1) {
        WRITE_WARNING("Battery builder: Vehicle '" + getID() + "' has not a valid propulsion efficiency (" + SUMOReal_str(PropulsionEfficiency) + ").");
    }

    if (RecuperationEfficiency < 0 || RecuperationEfficiency > 1) {
        WRITE_WARNING("Battery builder: Vehicle '" + getID() + "' has not a valid Recuparation efficiency (" + SUMOReal_str(RecuperationEfficiency) + ").");
    }
}


MSDevice_Battery::~MSDevice_Battery()
{}


// SET FUNCTIONS

void MSDevice_Battery::setActualBatteryCapacity(const SUMOReal new_ActBatKap) {
    ActBatKap = new_ActBatKap;

    if (ActBatKap > MaxBatKap) {
        WRITE_WARNING("Function setActualBatteryCapacity: Actual battery capacity ("  + SUMOReal_str(ActBatKap) + ") from Vehicle '" + getID() + "' is greater than it's max battery capacity(" + SUMOReal_str(MaxBatKap) + ").");
    }
}


void MSDevice_Battery::setMaximumBatteryCapacity(const SUMOReal new_MaxBatKap) {
    MaxBatKap = new_MaxBatKap;

    if (MaxBatKap < 0) {
        WRITE_WARNING("Function setMaximumBatteryCapacity: Vehicle '" + getID() + "' has not a valid battery capacity (" + SUMOReal_str(MaxBatKap) + ").");
    }
}


void MSDevice_Battery::setMass(const SUMOReal new_Mass) {
    Mass = new_Mass;

    if (Mass < 0) {
        WRITE_WARNING("Function setMass: Vehicle '" + getID() + "' has not a valid mass (" + SUMOReal_str(Mass) + ").");
    }
}


void MSDevice_Battery::setPowerMax(const SUMOReal new_PowerMax) {
    PowerMax = new_PowerMax;

    if (PowerMax < 0) {
        WRITE_WARNING("Function setPowerMax: Vehicle '" + getID() + "' has not a valid power max (" + SUMOReal_str(PowerMax) + ").");
    }
}

void MSDevice_Battery::setFrontSurfaceArea(const SUMOReal new_FrontSurfaceArea) {
    FrontSurfaceArea = new_FrontSurfaceArea;

    if (FrontSurfaceArea < 0) {
        WRITE_WARNING("Function setFrontSurfaceArea: Vehicle '" + getID() + "' has not a valid front surface Area (" + SUMOReal_str(FrontSurfaceArea) + ").");
    }
}


void MSDevice_Battery::setAirDragCoefficient(const SUMOReal new_AirDragCoefficient) {
    AirDragCoefficient = new_AirDragCoefficient;

    if (AirDragCoefficient < 0) {
        WRITE_WARNING("Function setAirDragCoefficient: Vehicle '" + getID() + "' has not a valid drag coefficient (" + SUMOReal_str(AirDragCoefficient) + ").");
    }
}


void MSDevice_Battery::setInternalMomentOfInertia(const SUMOReal new_InternalMomentOfInertia) {
    InternalMomentOfInertia = new_InternalMomentOfInertia;

    if (InternalMomentOfInertia < 0) {
        WRITE_WARNING("Function setInternalMomentOfInertia: Vehicle '" + getID() + "' has not a valid internal moment of inertia (" + SUMOReal_str(InternalMomentOfInertia) + ").");
    }
}


void MSDevice_Battery::setRadialDragCoefficient(const SUMOReal new_RadialDragCoefficient) {
    RadialDragCoefficient = new_RadialDragCoefficient;

    if (RadialDragCoefficient < 0) {
        WRITE_WARNING("Function setRadialDragCoefficient: Vehicle '" + getID() + "' has not a valid radial friction coefficient (" + SUMOReal_str(RadialDragCoefficient) + ").");
    }
}


void MSDevice_Battery::setRollDragCoefficient(const SUMOReal new_RollDragCoefficient) {
    RollDragCoefficient = new_RollDragCoefficient;

    if (RollDragCoefficient < 0) {
        WRITE_WARNING("Function setRollDragCoefficient: Vehicle '" + getID() + "' has not a valid roll friction coefficient (" + SUMOReal_str(RollDragCoefficient) + ").");
    }
}


void MSDevice_Battery::setConstantPowerIntake(const SUMOReal new_ConstantPowerIntake) {
    ConstantPowerIntake = new_ConstantPowerIntake;

    if (ConstantPowerIntake < 0) {
        WRITE_WARNING("Function setConstantPowerIntake: Vehicle '" + getID() + "' has not a valid constant power intake (" + SUMOReal_str(ConstantPowerIntake) + ").");
    }
}


void MSDevice_Battery::setPropulsionEfficiency(const SUMOReal new_PropulsionEfficiency) {
    PropulsionEfficiency = new_PropulsionEfficiency;

    if (PropulsionEfficiency < 0 || PropulsionEfficiency > 1) {
        WRITE_WARNING("Function setPropulsionEfficiency: Vehicle '" + getID() + "' has not a valid propulsion efficiency (" + SUMOReal_str(PropulsionEfficiency) + ").");
    }
}


void MSDevice_Battery::setRecuperationEfficiency(const SUMOReal new_RecuperationEfficiency) {
    RecuperationEfficiency = new_RecuperationEfficiency;

    if (RecuperationEfficiency < 0 || RecuperationEfficiency > 1) {
        WRITE_WARNING("Function setRecuperationEfficiency: Vehicle '" + getID() + "' has not a valid recuparation efficiency (" + SUMOReal_str(RecuperationEfficiency) + ").");
    }
}


void MSDevice_Battery::setLastAngle(const SUMOReal new_LastAngle) {
    LastAngle = new_LastAngle;
}


void MSDevice_Battery::setLastEnergy(const SUMOReal new_LastEnergy) {
    LastEnergy = new_LastEnergy ;
}

inline void MSDevice_Battery::resetChargingStartTime() {
    ChargingStartTime = 0;
}

inline void MSDevice_Battery::increaseChargingStartTime() {
    ChargingStartTime++;
}

inline void MSDevice_Battery::resetVehicleStoppedTimer() {
    vehicleStopped = 0;
}

inline void MSDevice_Battery::increaseVehicleStoppedTimer() {
    vehicleStopped++;
}

//GET FUNCTIONS

SUMOReal MSDevice_Battery::getActualBatteryCapacity() const {
    return ActBatKap;
}

SUMOReal MSDevice_Battery::getMaximumBatteryCapacity() const {
    return MaxBatKap;
}

SUMOReal MSDevice_Battery::getMaximumPower() const {
    return PowerMax;
}

SUMOReal MSDevice_Battery::getMass() const {
    return Mass;
}

SUMOReal MSDevice_Battery::getFrontSurfaceArea() const {
    return FrontSurfaceArea;
}

SUMOReal MSDevice_Battery::getAirDragCoefficient() const {
    return AirDragCoefficient;
}

SUMOReal MSDevice_Battery::getInternalMomentOfInertia() const {
    return InternalMomentOfInertia;
}

SUMOReal MSDevice_Battery::getRadialDragCoefficient() const {
    return RadialDragCoefficient;
}

SUMOReal MSDevice_Battery::getRollDragCoefficient() const {
    return RollDragCoefficient;
}

SUMOReal MSDevice_Battery::getConstantPowerIntake() const {
    return ConstantPowerIntake;
}

SUMOReal MSDevice_Battery::getPropulsionEfficiency() const {
    return PropulsionEfficiency;
}

SUMOReal MSDevice_Battery::getRecuperationEfficiency() const {
    return RecuperationEfficiency;
}

SUMOReal MSDevice_Battery::getLastAngle() const {
    return LastAngle;
}

SUMOReal MSDevice_Battery::getLastEnergy() const {
    return LastEnergy;
}

SUMOReal MSDevice_Battery::getConsum() const {
    return Consum;
}

bool MSDevice_Battery::isChargingStopped() const {
    return ItsChargingStopped;
}

bool MSDevice_Battery::isChargingInTransit() const {
    return ItsChargingInTransit;
}

SUMOReal MSDevice_Battery::getChargingStartTime() const {
    return ChargingStartTime;
}

const std::string& MSDevice_Battery::getChargingStationID() const {
    return actChargingStation;
}

SUMOReal MSDevice_Battery::getChrgEnergy() const {
    return energyCharged;
}


int MSDevice_Battery::getVehicleStopped() const {
    return vehicleStopped;
}


SUMOReal MSDevice_Battery::getPropEnergy(SUMOVehicle& veh) {
    // calculate current kinetic energy
    SUMOReal height_cur = veh.getPositionOnLane() / veh.getLane()->getLength() * (veh.getLane()->getShape().back().z() - veh.getLane()->getShape().front().z());

    // kinetic energy of vehicle with current velocity
    SUMOReal currentEnergy = 0.5 * getMass() * veh.getSpeed() * veh.getSpeed();

    // add current potential energy of vehicle at current position
    currentEnergy += getMass() * 9.81 * height_cur;

    // Calculate the radius of the vehicle's current path if is distintc (r = ds / dphi)
    SUMOReal radius = 0;

    // If angle of vehicle was changed
    if (getLastAngle() != veh.getAngle()) {
        // Compute new radio
        radius = SPEED2DIST(veh.getSpeed()) / fabs(GeomHelper::angleDiff(getLastAngle(), veh.getAngle()));

        // Check if radius is in the interval [0.0001 - 10000] (To avoid overflow and division by zero)
        if (radius < 0.0001) {
            radius = 0.0001;
        } else if (radius > 10000) {
            radius = 10000;
        }
    }

    // add current rotational energy of internal rotating elements
    currentEnergy += getInternalMomentOfInertia() * veh.getSpeed() * veh.getSpeed();

    // kinetic + potential + rotational energy gain [Ws] (MODIFICATED LAST ANGLE)
    SUMOReal EnergyLoss = (currentEnergy - getLastEnergy());

    // save current total energy for next time step
    setLastEnergy(currentEnergy);

    // Calculate energy losses:
    // EnergyLoss,Air = 1/2 * rho_air [kg/m^3] * FrontSurfaceArea [m^2] * AirDragCoefficient [-] * v_Veh^2 [m/s] * s [m]
    //                    ... with rho_air [kg/m^3] = 1,2041 kg/m^3 (at T = 20°C)
    //                    ... with s [m] = v_Veh [m/s] * 1 [s]
    EnergyLoss += 0.5 * 1.2041 * getFrontSurfaceArea() * getAirDragCoefficient() * fabs(veh.getSpeed() * veh.getSpeed() * veh.getSpeed());

    // Energy loss through Air resistance [Ws]
    // EnergyLoss,Tire = c_R [-] * F_N [N] * s [m]
    //                    ... with c_R = ~0.012    (car tire on asphalt)
    //                    ... with F_N [N] = Mass [kg] * g [m/s^2]
    EnergyLoss += getRollDragCoefficient() * 9.81 * getMass() * fabs(veh.getSpeed());

    // Energy loss through Roll resistance [Ws]
    //                    ... (fabs(veh.getSpeed())>=0.01) = 0, if vehicle isn't moving
    // EnergyLoss,internalFrictionRadialForce = c [m] * F_rad [N];
    if (getLastAngle() != veh.getAngle()) {
        // Energy loss through friction by radial force [Ws]
        EnergyLoss += getRadialDragCoefficient() * getMass() * veh.getSpeed() * veh.getSpeed() / radius;
    }

    // EnergyLoss,constantConsumers
    // Energy loss through constant loads (e.g. A/C) [Ws]
    EnergyLoss += getConstantPowerIntake();

    //E_Bat = E_kin_pot + EnergyLoss;
    if (EnergyLoss > 0) {
        // Assumption: Efficiency of PropulsionEfficiency when accelerating
        EnergyLoss = EnergyLoss / getPropulsionEfficiency();
    } else {
        // Assumption: Efficiency of RecuperationEfficiency when recuperating
        EnergyLoss = EnergyLoss * getRecuperationEfficiency();
    }

    // convert from [Ws] to [kWh] (3600s / 1h):
    EnergyLoss = EnergyLoss / 3600 ; // EnergyLoss[Ws] * 1[h]/3600[s] * 1[k]/1000

    // Return calculated energy
    return(EnergyLoss);
}


// Private methods

std::string MSDevice_Battery::SUMOReal_str(const SUMOReal& var) {
    std::ostringstream convert;
    convert << var;
    return convert.str();
}